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1.
Medwave ; 22(11): e2650, 30-12-2022.
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1411962

ABSTRACT

Introducción La discriminación percibida es un fenómeno complejo de estudiar y que tiene grandes repercusiones en la salud de las personas. En el ámbito laboral, existe un gran número de estudios que confirma los efectos negativos en la salud de los trabajadores, afectando la salud física y psicológica de estos. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso al momento de investigar el constructo "discriminación laboral percibida". Objetivo Explorar como se ha investigado la discriminación laboral percibida, considerando su asociación con salud y resultados ocupacionales. Métodos Se realizará una revisión panorámica de acuerdo con las guías PRISMA para revisiones panorámicas y del Instituto Joanna Briggs. Se efectuará la búsqueda de los artículos publicados en idioma inglés y español entre los años 2000 y 2022 en las bases de datos Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed y PsycInfo. A través de la aplicación Rayyan, dos revisores realizarán de manera independiente la selección de títulos y resúmenes. Luego, los mismos revisarán los textos completos. Posteriormente, se extraerá la información relevante sobre los artículos seleccionados y se evaluará la calidad metodológica de estos. Finalmente, se hará una síntesis narrativa de los principales resultados encontrados. Discusión Se espera que los hallazgos contribuyan a mejorar los aspectos metodológicos al momento de investigar la discriminación laboral percibida y facilitar la toma de decisiones de aquellos investigadores que deseen abordar la discriminación laboral percibida.


Introduction Perceived discrimination is a complex phenomenon of study and has significant repercussions on people's health. Many studies confirm the negative effects of stress on workers' health in the workplace, affecting both their physical and mental health. However, there is no consensus when investigating the construct of "perceived work discrimination". Objective To examine how perceived workplace discrimination has been investigated, considering its association with health and occupational outcomes. Methods A scoping review will be performed according to the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews and the Joanna Briggs Institute. We will search for published articles in english and spanish between 2000 and 2022 in the Scopus, MEDLINE/PubMed, and PsycInfo databases. Through the Rayyan application, two reviewers will independently select titles and abstracts. Then, they will review the full texts. Subsequently, relevant information about the selected articles will be extracted, and their methodological quality will be evaluated. Finally, a narrative synthesis of the main results found will be made. Discussion We expect the findings to improve methodological aspects when investigating perceived workplace discrimination, facilitating decision-making for those researchers who wish to address perceived work discrimination.

2.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 49(3)jun. 2022.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388615

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The second edition of the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population (DGBP) advises "eating regularly and carefully", "eating in appropriate environments," and "eating in company". Individuals may interpret these guidelines differently. We analyzed social representations of these recommendations to ascertain how such representations relate to the official DGBP advice. This cross-sectional, exploratory study was conducted with a selected sample of teachers, administrative technicians, and students (N= 24) from the Federal University of Grande Dourados, Brazil. We carried out an exploratory content analysis of the responses to semi-structured interviews on the topic. We identified seven themes that encompassed the social representations of "eating regularly and carefully": 1) paying attention to what you eat; 2) having several meals; 3) eating slowly; 4) having time to eat; 5) eating without distractions; 6) eating adequate amounts; and 7) ensuring a nutritional balance. Four themes emerged from the analysis of the social representations of "eating in appropriate environments": 1) a pleasant environment; 2) at the table; 3) without interferences; and 4) a clean environment. The following themes encompassed the social representations of "eating in company": 1) eating in company is good; 2) I prefer to eat alone; and 3) eating in company is inconsequential. Although participant representations align with DGBP recommendations in the three orientations, in general, they extend beyond them. Professionals and government organizations in Brazil or abroad could take into consideration these results in order to optimize this tool's potential for research and policy in nutrition and public health.


RESUMEN La segunda edición de la Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña (DGBP) aconseja "comer con regularidad y atención", "comer en ambientes adecuados" y "comer en compañía". Las personas pueden interpretar estas pautas de manera diferente. Analizamos las representaciones sociales de estas recomendaciones para determinar cómo se relacionan con la postura oficial de la DGBP. Este estudio transversal y exploratorio se realizó con una muestra seleccionada de profesores, técnicos administrativos y estudiantes (N= 24) de la Universidad Federal de Grande Dourados, Brasil. Realizamos un análisis exploratorio de contenido de las respuestas a entrevistas semiestructuradas sobre el tema. Identificamos siete temas que abarcan las representaciones sociales de "comer con regularidad y atención": 1) prestar atención a lo que come; 2) tener varias comidas; 3) comer despacio; 4) tener tiempo para comer; 5) comer sin distracciones; 6) comer cantidades adecuadas; y 7) asegurar un equilibrio nutricional. Cuatro temas surgieron del análisis de las representaciones sociales de "comer en ambientes adecuados": 1) ambiente agradable; 2) en la mesa; 3) sin interferencias; y 4) medio ambiente limpio. Los siguientes temas engloban las representaciones sociales de "comer en compañía": 1) comer en compañía es bueno; 2) prefiero comer solo; y 3) comer en compañía es intrascendente. Aunque las representaciones de los participantes se alinean con las recomendaciones de la DGBP en las tres orientaciones, en general, se extienden más allá de ellas. Investigadores y organizaciones gubernamentales en Brasil y en el extranjero podrían tener en cuenta estos resultados para optimizar el potencial de esta herramienta para la investigación y las políticas en nutrición y salud pública.

3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 148(3): 304-310, mar. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1115793

ABSTRACT

Background: The Program "Más Adultos Mayores Autovalentes" (Más AMA) started in 2015 as a strategy for the prevention of disability among older adults. Aim: To describe the health benefits, from user's perspective, of the Functional Stimulation Component of the Más AMA program. Material and Methods: Eleven focus groups including 97 participants of the Más AMA program were conducted in Northern Metropolitan Santiago municipalities. Results: The benefits perceived by Más AMA participants were a reduction in loneliness and isolation, physical reactivation, engagement in activities, and the use of support resources within the community. The relationship with professionals working at Más AMA was described as highly satisfactory. Conclusions: The benefits of attending the Más AMA program from the point of view of their users are mainly related with social and affective dimensions, which contrast with the emphasis in physical and cognitive dimensions given by the technical orientation of the Más AMA program.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aged , Public Health , Disabled Persons , Chile , Focus Groups , Loneliness
4.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 147(3): 305-313, mar. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1004351

ABSTRACT

Background: The Chilean public health system is based on Primary Health Care (PHC), whose assessment is challenging due to the heterogeneity of services and multi-dimensionality of expected results. The Primary Care Assessment Tool was adapted and validated for Chile. Aim: To analyze, from the provider's perspective, the structure and functioning of the health centers, to determine the achievement of PHC's core functions: access, continuity, coordination, comprehensiveness of care, cultural competence, family centeredness and community orientation. Material and Methods: All professionals working in primary care in a commune of Metropolitan Santiago were invited to answer an online version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool. Results: One hundred and nine professionals (51% of those invited) from four Family Health Centers, two Community Health Centers, and a Community Mental Health Center, answered the online questionnaire. Their distribution by profession and health units does not resemble the whole research population, which should be considered when interpreting the results. Data show a good performance of the system: general and domain specific scores are all near three for a maximum score of four. Family centeredness obtained the highest score, whereas cultural competence had the lowest. Conclusions: Reinforcing intercultural skills and a wider approach to psycho-social problems is recommended to strengthen the new healthcare model implementation.


Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Primary Health Care , Surveys and Questionnaires , Health Personnel , Health Services Accessibility , Urban Population , Chile , Family Health , Patient Satisfaction , Cultural Competency
6.
Salud pública Méx ; 55(6): 650-658, nov.-dic. 2013. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-705991

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Este artículo busca evaluar la contribución de los Consejos Integradores de la Red Asistencial (CIRA) en mejorar la gobernanza en salud en Chile. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de los documentos oficiales asociados con el proceso de constitución y desarrollo de los CIRA; se aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc a los 29 CIRA del país y se realizaron 35 entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad a participantes de una muestra de seis CIRA. Resultados. Los CIRA se han constituido en una herramienta de integración funcional y un espacio valorado de diálogo, cooperación y aprendizaje por parte de los actores de las redes asistenciales públicas chilenas. Conclusiones. Se concluye que hay un espacio de mejora con respecto a su rol en la gobernanza de la red en la medida en que desarrollan facultades relacionadas con las inversiones en infraestructura, tecnología y recursos humanos, así como con las decisiones que corresponden a las asignaciones presupuestarias en la red.


Objective. This paper aims at assessing the contribution of Chile's Health Care Integrating Councils (CIRA, Spanish acronym) to strengthening governance in health. Materials and methods. A literature review on the official documents related to the process of creation and development of CIRA was carried out; an ad hoc questionnaire was applied to all 29 health services of the country; finally, 35 semi-structure in-depth interviews were carried on a sample of six CIRA. Results. The CIRAs have become a tool for functional integration and a valuable space for dialogue, cooperation and learning for all of the actors of the Chilean public health network. Conclusions. In this study, we conclude that there is room for improvements of CIRA's role regarding governance of the health care network as long as CIRA is authorized to deal with strategic topics, such as investment in infrastructure, technology and human resources, and budgeting.


Subject(s)
Humans , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Health Care Reform/organization & administration , Chile
7.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 62(3): 275-282, Sept. 2012. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-710632

ABSTRACT

Se describe la consulta a expertos mediante la técnica Delphi para consensuar su opinión sobre contenidos del material educativo en alimentación saludable para profesores, alumnos de prebásica, básica y sus familias. El cuestionario se elaboró con los resultados de encuestas y grupos focales con niños, padres y profesores realizados previamente. Este cuestionario fue enviado a 54 expertos en nutrición, educación y comunicación en una primera ronda, cuyos resultados fueron analizados y reenviados en una segunda ronda con las preguntas donde no había consenso. El ciclo se completó con una validación realizada con padres y profesores sobre los principales tópicos consensuados en las dos rondas con los expertos. Los principales consensos fueron priorizar los materiales educativos audiovisuales por sobre los escritos y privilegiar actividades participativas (talleres de cocina, juegos, actividades) por sobre las pasivas (información en reuniones de padres, entrega de material educativo y conferencias de expertos). Existió consenso en educar en conductas saludables, como no dar dinero a los niños para que lleven a la escuela; escoger comida saludable en las salidas familiares y asociar actividades recreativas con alimentación saludable durante fines de semana; preferir la comida saludable preparada en casa en vez de la comida procesada; restringir las golosinas y comer fuera de hora; comer en familia sin ver TV y preferir comida en vez de tomar té o merienda en la noche. Estos resultados son fundamentales para diseñar materiales educativos en alimentación saludable tendientes a cambiar los malos hábitos alimentarios actuales, que contribuyen en forma importante a aumentar el problema de la obesidad infantil.


Delphi method to identify education material on healthy food for teachers, school-age children and their parents. Delphi method applied to get expert consensus about healthy food topics to include in educational materials for preschool and school-age children, their parents and teachers is described. The questionnaire was developed with the results of surveys and focus groups in children, parents and teachers made previously. The questionnaire was mailed to 54 experts in nutrition, education and communication in a first round. The results were analyzed and forwarded in a second round with the subjects without consensus. The cycle was completed by a validation conducted with teachers and parents and were prioritized by audiovisual educational materials on the writings, favoring participatory activities such as cooking workshops, games, activities over the passive (information at parent meetings, delivery of educational materials and conferences of experts). There was consensus on education in health behaviors such as not giving them money to carry to school, make healthy food choices on family outings and recreational activities associated with healthy eating during weekends; prefer healthy food prepared at home instead of the processed food; restrict eating out candy and prefer family meals without watching TV and food instead of taking a snack in the evening. These results are critical to design educational materials on healthy eating plans to change current eating habits that are contributing significantly to increase the childhood obesity.


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Delphi Technique , Whole Foods/analysis , Health Promotion/standards , Nutrition Policy , Obesity/prevention & control , Faculty , Focus Groups , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Promotion/methods , Parents , Qualitative Research , Students
8.
Cienc. Trab ; 12(35): 272-275, ene.-mar. 2010.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-559606

ABSTRACT

Asumiendo que entre los mayores intereses de la Epidemiología Social están las desigualdades en salud, este artículo busca mostrar el debate sobre la relación entre salud e ingreso desde la perspectiva de esta disciplina. Esta área de estudio se ha concentrado tradicionalmente en la posición socioeconómica absoluta y su impacto enla salud o enfermedad. Más recientemente se ha incorporado el estudio de la distribución del ingreso. Dos hipótesis genéricas han intentado explicar esta relación: (1) el entorno psicosocial y (2) la hipótesis neo-material. La primera plantea que la inequidad de ingresos afecta la salud a través de las percepciones de posiciónrelativa, mientras que la segunda destaca los aspectos materiales de esta desigualdad. Evidencia muestra que en países con distribuciones de ingreso más igualitarias, el efecto de esta distribuciónsobre salud parece no probarse. La alta inequidad de ingresos existente en Chile plantea la necesidad de estudiar su efecto en la salud de la población y su relación con el ingreso absoluto. Su estudio requiere incorporar la discusión de, al menos, los siguientes elementos:el nivel de análisis, el tamaño de las áreas estudiadas, la variable de salud y las variables de estratificación social por las cuales se controla.


Asuming that one of the major concerns of social epidemiology are health inequalities, this article seeks to show the debate about the relationship between health and income from the perspective of this discipline. This area of study has traditionally focused on the absolute socioeconomic status and its impact on health and/or disease. Nevertheless, more recently the study of income distribution has been incorporated. Two general hypotheses have attempted to explain this relationship: (1) the psychosocial environment and (2) the neomaterialhypothesis. The former asserts that income inequality affects health through perceptions of relative position, and the latter highlights the material aspects of this inequality. Evidence shows thatin countries with more equal income distributions, the effect on health of this distribution seems not to be proved. Investigating the pathways through which income affects health allow just not only describe but to explain inequality. The high income inequalityexisting in Chile raises the need to study its effect on population health and its relationship to absolute income. Their study requires a discussion of at least the following elements: the level of analysis, the size of the areas studied, the health variable and the variables ofsocial stratification used as control.


Subject(s)
Epidemiologic Factors , Health , Health Equity , Income , Socioeconomic Factors , Health Sciences
9.
Cuad. méd.-soc. (Santiago de Chile) ; 48(2): 118-124, jun. 2008.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-589295

ABSTRACT

El principal objetivo de este artículo es poner de manifiesto la contribución de la psicología y la sociología al desarrollo de la promoción de la salud como medio para analizar qué ocurre actualmente en Chile con los programas que buscan mejorar la salud de la población. La contribución de la psicología y la sociología se articulan tanto en el ámbito teórico como en el ejercicio práctico de la promoción de la salud. La psicología ha aportado conocimientos acerca del cambio conductual individual, mientras que la sociología ha enfatizado la perspectiva de los determinantes sociales y condiciones materiales en las conductas relacionadas con salud. La propuesta de la autora es que la integración de estas perspectivas es esencial para y reducir las desigualdades y conseguir el objetivo de mejorar la salud de la población. La base para la integración de estas perspectivas es comprender que ninguna de las dos miradas por sí misma es capaz de explicar la complejidad humana. Esto implica que la generación tanto de ambientes propicios como otros de empoderamiento individual es esencial para crear conductas saludables. La ley se ha establecido como un poderoso instrumento. Sin embargo, esta no garantiza el cambio individual, por lo cual su implementación debe considerar herramientas que permitan producir y afianzar la modificación conductual.


The main purpose of this article is to highlight the contribution of psychology and sociology in the development of health promotion, as a way of looking into what happens with programmes aiming at the improvement of population health in Chile. Sociology and psychology approach both the theory and practice y health promotion. Psychology has contributed with knowledge in the field of individual behavior. On the other hand, Sociology has emphasized the perspective of social determinants and material conditions related to health. The author proposes that the integration of these perspectives is essential to reduce inequalities and to achieve the enhancement of population health. The basis for this integration is to understand that neither view point is in itself able to explain human complexities. This implies that both the generation of enabling environments and individual empowerment is essential for healthy behaviour. Legislation has established itself as a powerful tool. However, it does not guarantee individual change, and therefore its implementation should also consider tools that will produce and strengthen behavioural change.


Subject(s)
Health Promotion , Psychology , Sociology, Medical , Chile
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